Osprey Campaign 64 : Nicopolis 1396 : The Last Crusade

The background to the Nicopolis Crusade can be found in the rapid spread of Ottoman Turkish conquests, particularly in the southern Balkans, during the second half of the 14th century. More specifically, it was the Ottoman threat to Hungary following the failure of a Hungarian uprising against Ottoman domination in Bulgaria that provoked action from its politically fragmented territories and the worried powers beyond. By this time, the once mighty Byzantine Empire had been reduced to little more than the city of Constantinople itself. In 1391 the Sultan Bayazid I 'The Lightning' besieged the city. Pope Boniface IX preached a crusade and a French-led army of 10,000 marched east. At Nicopolis on the Danube they met the Ottoman army in battle. Ignoring the advice of their Hungarian and Transylvanian allies the Crusaders charged the Turks and were in turn smashed by the Ottoman heavy cavalry. The last Crusade ended on the banks of the Danube as the Crusaders desperately sought to escape from the pursuing Turks. Text by David Nicolle with illustrations by Christa Hook.

Contents

• Origins of the Campaign
• The Opposing Commanders
• Crusader Leaders
• Ottoman Leaders
• Opposing Forces
• Crusader Armies
• Ottoman Armies
• Serbian Armies
• The Opposing Plans
• Crusader Invasion Plans
• The Ottoman Defence Plan
• The Campaign
• Assembling the Crusading Army
• The Invasion
• Bayazid's Response
• The Battle
• Bayazid's Revenge
• Aftermath and Reckoning
• The Battlefields Today
• Chronology
• Further Reading
• Wargaming Nicopolis